FEED

AMMONIA REDUCTION
Quillaja products can be used as feed additives to reduce ammonia in pigs and broilers. A reduction of 30 - 50 % atmospheric ammonia can be achieved with 200 ppm of product QP. The polyphenol fraction present in quillaja products plays an active role in ammonia control.

PROTECTION OF BROILERS
Another use is the protection of broilers against pathogenic bacteria (e.g. Salmonella), as a replacement of antibiotics. Quillaja products stimulate the growth of beneficial intestinal flora, thereby decreasing the growth of pathogens. Inclusion rates of 200 - 400 ppm are sufficient to attain protection similar to Competitive Exclusion products.

GROWTH OF FISH
Supplementation of QP in the diet of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) increases the weight gain and improves the food conversion ratio (FCR). When used QP as feed additive, energy retention, apparent lipid conversion and carcass fat have higher values. Apparently unutilised energy and carcass ash content are lowered.
Preliminary studies indicate that QP supplemented in feed inhibits egg production in female fish, providing an alternative for sex-reversed tilapia.
An increase of the growth rate and metabolic efficiency is also observed when QP is included in the diet of the common carp.

LOW CHOLESTEROL EGGS
Special blend of yucca and quillaja products used in poultry feed, reduce cholesterol in eggs.

LITERATURE

Scientific reports
1. S. R. Chavali and J. B. Campbell, 1987. Adjuvant effects of orally administered saponins on humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. Immunobiol., 174: 347-359.
2. S.R. Chavali, James B. Campbell. 1987, Immunomodulatory effects of orally-administered saponins and nonspecific resistance against rabies infection. Int. Archs. Allergy Appl. Immun. 84: 129-134.
3. P.R. Cheeke. (2000). Actual and potential applications of Yucca schidigera and Quillaja saponaria saponins in human and animal nutrition. In: Saponins in food, feedstuffs and medicinal plants. Eds. W. Oleszek and A. Martson. Proceedings of the Phytochemical Society of Europe. 45: 241-254. Kluwer Academic Press, The Netherlands.
4. Francis G.; Makkar H.P.S; Becker K. 2001. Effect of Quillaja saponins on growth, metabolism, egg production and muscle cholesterol in individually reared Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C, 129: 105-114.
5. Jenkins, K.; Atwal, Effects of dietary saponins on fecal bile acids and neutral sterols, and availability of vitamins A and E in the chick.A. J. Nutr. Biochem. 1994, 5(3), 134-7.
6. Maharaj, K. J. Froh, and B. Campbell. 1986. Can. Immune responses of mice to inactivated rabies vaccine administered orally: potentiation by quillaja saponin. J. Microbiol. 32: 414-420.
7. H.P.S. Makkar and K. Becker. (2000). Beneficial effects of saponins on animal production. In: Saponins in food, feedstuffs and medicinal plants. Eds. W. Oleszek and A. Martson. Proceedings of the Phytochemical Society of Europe. 45: 281-286. Kluwer Academic Press, The Netherlands.
8. H.P.S. Makkar and K. Becker Degradation of quillaja saponins by mixed culture of rumen microbes. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 25: 243-245.
9. Makkar Harinder P S(a); Sen Sucharita; Bluemmel Michael; Becker Klaus. 1998. Effects of fractions containing saponins from Yucca schidigera, Quillaja Saponaria, and Acacia auriculoformis on rumen fermentation. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 46: 4324-4328.
10. Makkar, H., and K. Becker. 1996 G.R. Waller, and K. Yamasaki, eds. Effect of quillaja saponins on in vitro rumen fermentation. Saponins used in food and agriculture. Advances in experimental biology, vol. 405, Proceedings of the American Chemical Symposium on saponins Chemistry and Biological Activity, August 22-25, Chicago, Ill. Plenum Press, New York. Pp. 387-394
11. H. Toro, C. Borie1,M.T. Cesario, and R. San Martín A possible immunomodulatory effect of saponins from quillaja saponaria in chickens. Proceedings of the 50th Western Poultry Disease Conference, Davis, California March 2001.
12. Sen S; Makkar H P S; Muetzel S; Becker K(a) 1998. Effects of Quillaja saponaria saponins and Yucca schidigera plant extract on growth of Escherichia coli. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 27: 35-38.
13. Sumio Hoshi, Akemi Uchino, Nobuko Saito, Ko-ichi Kusanagi, Takeshi Ihara, Susumu Ueda, 1999. Comparison of adjuvants with respect to serum IgG antibody response in orally immunized chickens. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Vol. 22 (1) pp. 63-69.

Patents
1. Forse; R. Armour; Chavali; Sambasiva Enteral Formulations for Treatment of Inflammation and infection. October 7, 1997, USP 5,674,853
2. Ikeda, M., and Suzuki, K. Feed additive for reducing ammonia in urine-contains extract of Quillaja saponaria Molina. August 22, 1995, JP 07222555
3. Hamano; Atsushi; Ogawa; Megumi; Sasaki; Takashi Method of Enhancing the Ability of Cattle and Swine to Resist Aujesky's Disease. April 12, 1994, US Patent 5,302,391
4. Hamano Atsushi, Ogawa Megumi, Sasaki Takashi Disease-preventive feed and feed additive for cattle and pig. August 29, 1991, JP 89340728 (Japan)
5. Matsumoto Masaki, Hatta Hajime, Ninomiya Manabu, Kin Busaku Stimulating agent for cell immunity of mammal and poultry. May. 2, 1995, JP7112939A
6. Yabiki Terutake, Narahashi Tsunao, Okamoto Toshihiro, Matsuo Takeshi Antipseudorabie and disease-resistant feed for livestock, poultry, fishes and shellfishes and additive for feed. October 13, 1992, JP 9174841 (Japan).
7. Yabiki; Terutake; Narahashi; Tsunao; Feed and Feed Aditive for Livestock, Poultry and Nursery Fishes for Increasing Disease, Psuedorabies Resistance December 7, 1993, US Patent 5,268,357
8. Yamamoto, M.; Kameda, S., Feed additives containing quillaja saponins and/or Yucca saponins for poultry, egg production with the saponins, and low-cholesterol eggs produced by the poultry. 19 Jan 1993, JP0507462
9. Yamamoto Masaji, Kameda Shigeru Poultry egg having low cholesterol content. January 19, 1993, JP 91189248.